Zokhudza Zinthu Zosapangidwa ndi Zachilengedwe - Cerium Oxide
Cerium oxideNdi chinthu chosapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe chokhala ndi formula ya mankhwala ya CeO₂. Ndi ufa wachikasu wotumbululuka kapena wachikasu-bulauni wokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa 7.13 g/cm₃ ndi malo osungunuka a 2397°C. Susungunuka m'madzi ndi alkali, koma umasungunuka pang'ono mu asidi. Pa 2000°C ndi 15 MPa, cerium oxide imatha kuchepetsedwa ndi hydrogen kuti ipangecerium trioxidePa kutentha pakati pa 2000°C ndi kupsinjika kopitirira 5 MPa, cerium oxide imakhala ndi mtundu wachikasu-wofiira, nthawi zina pinki. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu chopukutira, chothandizira, chonyamulira chothandizira (chowonjezera), chonyamulira UV, electrolyte yamafuta, chonyamulira utsi wagalimoto, ndi ziwiya zamagetsi.
Ⅰ. Ntchito
Oxidant. Chothandizira pa zochitika zachilengedwe. Muyezo wachitsulo chosowa cha nthaka poyesa chitsulo. Kuyesa kwa Redox. Chotsani utoto wa galasi. Kuteteza dzuwa ku enamel yagalasi. Aloyi yosatentha.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera mumakampani opanga magalasi, ngati chopukusira magalasi a mbale, komanso mu zodzoladzola ngati choletsa UV. Chakulitsidwa kuti chiphatikizepo magalasi opukutira magalasi, magalasi owonera, ndi machubu a cathode ray, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuwala kwa ultraviolet ndi ma electron kuchepe, kumveketsa bwino, komanso kuyamwa kwa kuwala kwa ultraviolet ndi ma electron.
Ⅱ. Zotsatira Zachilendo Zapadziko Lapansi
1. Dziko Lapansi LosowaZotsatira Zopukutira
Ufa wopukutira nthaka wosowa umapereka ubwino wa kupukutira mwachangu, kumalizidwa bwino, komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali. Poyerekeza ndi ufa wopukutira wa iron oxide wachikhalidwe, ndi woteteza chilengedwe ndipo ndi wosavuta kuchotsa ku zinthu zodetsa.Ufa wopukutira wa Cerium oxideAmatha kupukuta magalasi mumphindi imodzi, pomwe ufa wopukuta wa iron oxide ungatenge mphindi 30 mpaka 60. Chifukwa chake, ufa wopukuta wa rare earth umapereka ubwino wa mlingo wochepa, liwiro lopukuta mwachangu, komanso magwiridwe antchito apamwamba. Amathanso kupititsa patsogolo kupukuta ndi malo ogwirira ntchito. Ufa wopukuta magalasi wa rare earth nthawi zambiri umapangidwa kuchokera ku ma oxides okhala ndi cerium. Cerium oxide ndi mankhwala othandiza kwambiri popukuta chifukwa amatha kupukuta galasi nthawi imodzi kudzera mu kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ndi kukangana kwamakina. Ufa wopukuta wa rare earth cerium umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makamera opukuta, magalasi a kamera ya kanema, machubu azithunzi za pa TV, magalasi a maso, ndi ntchito zina. Dziko langa lili ndi mafakitale ambiri opanga ufa wopukuta wa rare earth, okhala ndi mphamvu zopitilira matani 100. Baotou Tianjiao Qingmei Rare Earth Polishing Powder Co., Ltd., kampani yogwirizana ndi mayiko ena, ndi imodzi mwamakampani akuluakulu opanga ufa wopukuta wa rare earth mdziko langa, yokhala ndi mphamvu zopanga matani 1,200 pachaka. Zogulitsa zake zimagulitsidwa mdziko muno komanso padziko lonse lapansi.
2. Kuchotsa Utoto wa Magalasi
Magalasi onse ali ndi iron oxide, yomwe imatha kulowetsedwa mugalasi kudzera mu zipangizo zopangira, mchenga, miyala yamwala, ndi cullet mu gulu la magalasi. Ilipo m'mitundu iwiri: divalent iron, yomwe imasandutsa galasi kukhala buluu wakuda, ndi trivalent iron, yomwe imasandutsa chikasu. Kusintha mtundu kumaphatikizapo oxidize ma divalent iron iron iron kukhala trivalent iron, chifukwa trivalent iron ili ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi okha a mphamvu ya divalent counterpart yake. Kenako chokonza mtundu chimawonjezedwa kuti chisinthe mtundu kukhala wobiriwira wopepuka.
Zinthu zososoka zapadziko lapansi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa utoto wa magalasi ndi makamaka cerium oxide ndi neodymium oxide. Zochotsa utoto wa magalasi ososoka zapadziko lapansi zimalowa m'malo mwa zochotsa utoto woyera wa arsenic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zizigwira bwino ntchito komanso kupewa kuipitsidwa ndi arsenic. Cerium oxide ili ndi ubwino wokhala ndi kutentha kwambiri, mtengo wotsika, komanso kusayamwa kuwala kooneka kuti magalasi achotse utoto.
3.Kupaka utoto wa galasi
Ma ioni a rare earth amakhala ndi mitundu yokhazikika komanso yowala kutentha kwambiri ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magalasi amitundu yosiyanasiyana powawonjezera ku zakumwa. Ma oxide a rare earth monga neodymium, praseodymium, erbium, ndi cerium ndi mitundu yabwino kwambiri yagalasi. Galasi lowonekera bwino lomwe lili ndi mitundu iyi limatenga kuwala kooneka pakati pa 400 ndi 700 nanometers, limasonyeza mitundu yokongola. Magalasi amitundu awa angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zophimba zowunikira zowonetsera ndege, kuyenda, ndi magalimoto osiyanasiyana oyendera, komanso zokongoletsera zaluso zosiyanasiyana.
Pamene neodymium oxide iwonjezeredwa ku galasi la soda-lime ndi lead, kuya kwa mtundu wa galasi kumadalira makulidwe, kuchuluka kwa neodymium, ndi mphamvu ya kuwala komwe kumachokera. Galasi lopyapyala limawoneka ngati pinki wotumbululuka, pomwe galasi lokhuthala limawoneka ngati lofiirira. Chodabwitsa ichi chimadziwika kuti neodymium dichroism. Praseodymium oxide imapanga wobiriwira wofanana ndi chromium. Erbium oxide, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu galasi la photochromic ndi galasi la kristalo, imapanga utoto wa pinki. Cerium oxide pamodzi ndi titanium dioxide imapanga utoto wachikasu. Praseodymium oxide ndi neodymium oxide zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu galasi lakuda la praseodymium-neodymium.
4. Zowunikira Zachilengedwe Zapadziko Lapansi
Cerium oxide, m'malo mwa arsenic oxide yachikhalidwe, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowunikira magalasi kuchotsa thovu ndi zinthu zochepetsera utoto. Izi zimathandiza kwambiri popanga mabotolo agalasi opanda mtundu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti galasi loyera ngati galasi likhale lowonekera bwino, likhale ndi mphamvu yowonjezereka ya galasi, komanso likhale lolimba kwambiri polimbana ndi kutentha. Zimachotsanso kuipitsa kwa arsenic ku chilengedwe ndi galasi lokha.
Kuphatikiza apo,cerium oxideakhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku magalasi a tsiku ndi tsiku, monga magalasi omanga ndi magalimoto, ndi magalasi a kristalo, kuti achepetse kufalikira kwa UV. Ntchitoyi yagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Japan ndi ku United States. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa miyezo ya moyo m'dziko langa, akuyembekezekanso kupeza msika wamphamvu. Neodymium oxide, yowonjezeredwa ku galasi la chubu cha cathode ray, imachotsa kufalikira kwa kuwala kofiira ndikuwonjezera kumveka bwino. Magalasi apadera okhala ndi zowonjezera za rare earth ndi awa: galasi la lanthanum, lokhala ndi refractive index yayikulu komanso kufalikira kochepa, limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga magalasi osiyanasiyana ndi magalasi apamwamba a kamera ndi camcorder, makamaka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula zithunzi pamalo okwera; galasi losakhudzidwa ndi radiation ya cerium, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito mugalasi yamagalimoto ndi magalasi apa TV; ndi galasi la neodymium, chinthu choyenera kwambiri cha lasers yayikulu, makamaka muzipangizo zowongolera za nyukiliya.