Kupukuta ndi njira yomaliza yolondola yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito muukadaulo wopera kuti iwonjezere kulondola kwa miyeso ndi khalidwe la pamwamba pa mabowo opangidwa ndi makina. Panthawi yopangira, miyala yopukutira yopukutira imabweretsedwa pamalo olumikizirana bwino ndi pamwamba pa chogwirira ntchito. Kuyanjana kumeneku kumachotsa malo okwera ang'onoang'ono—omwe amadziwikanso kuti malo osokoneza—pakati pa pamwamba pa mwala wopukutira ndi pamwamba pa mkati mwa chogwirira ntchito. Kudzera mu kuchotsa zinthu mosalekeza komanso mokhazikika, pamwamba pake pamakhala ofanana pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapeto ake akhale olondola komanso osalala omwe amafunikira kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wolondola.
Miyala yoyezera, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa miyala yamafuta m'mafakitale, imapangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zoyezera kutengera zofunikira pa makina. Zinthu zoyezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi monga diamondi, cubic boron nitride (CBN), fused alumina (aluminium oxide), ndi silicon carbide. Chida chilichonse chimasankhidwa kutengera kuuma kwa ntchito, kutha kwa pamwamba komwe kumafunika, komanso kuthekera kwa makina a zinthu zomwe zikukonzedwa. Zinthu zoyezera monga diamondi ndi CBN nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyezera kuuma kwambiri kapena molondola kwambiri, pomwe alumina ndi silicon carbide zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri poyezera ntchito zambiri.
Njira yoyeretsera imakhala ndi ubwino wambiri. Imapereka kulondola kwambiri kwa makina komanso mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri. Ndi yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana ndi ma geometries, makamaka malo ozungulira amkati. Njirayi imafunanso njira yochepa yochotsera zinthu poyerekeza ndi njira zina zopera, ndipo ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu yokonza zolakwika za geometry monga taper, roundness deviation, ndi surface waviness. Makhalidwe amenewa amapangitsa kuti kuyeretsa kukhale kofunikira kwambiri popanga zinthu molondola.
Kukula kwa ukadaulo woyezera kunayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 ku United States, komwe makampani monga Barnes ndi Micromatic adachita nawo gawo lalikulu. Ukadaulowu unagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu m'maiko otukuka kuphatikiza Germany, United Kingdom, ndi Japan, makamaka pomaliza ntchito zomangira masilinda a injini. Mu 1924, njira zokulitsa miyala ya hydraulic zinayambitsidwa, zomwe zinalola kuti zinthu zichotsedwe bwino komanso kusintha kusinthasintha kwa njira. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, njira zoyezera zokha zinayamba kuonekera, zomwe zinayambitsa gawo loyambirira la automation muukadaulo woyezera.
Kusintha kwina kunachitika mu 1938 ndi chitukuko cha njira zamakono zowongolera chakudya, zomwe zinathandiza kuti pakhale kulamulira bwino liwiro la kukulitsa miyala komanso kulipira kuwonongeka kwa zida. Izi zinathandiza kwambiri kuti makina azigwira ntchito bwino komanso molondola. Mu 1952, njira zamakono zokulitsa zamagetsi zinayambitsidwa, zomwe zikuyimira sitepe ina yayikulu yopita ku automation, kulondola kwambiri, komanso kukhazikika kwa njira zogwirira ntchito zowongolera mafakitale.
Ngakhale kuti ukadaulo ukupita patsogolo, pali kusiyana pakati pa zida zamakono zoyeretsera m'dziko muno ndi zapadziko lonse m'magawo angapo. Izi zikuphatikizapo makina ozizira ndi osefera, kulondola kwa kuwongolera kutentha, ndi kapangidwe ka zida zoyeretsera bwino kwambiri. Zinthu izi zimakhudza mwachindunji ubwino wa pamwamba, moyo wa zida, komanso kukhazikika kwa makina onse, ndipo zimakhalabe malo ofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwina mumakampani.
Kukonza zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito makina oyeretsera kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana a mafakitale, kuphatikizapo kupanga magalimoto, mathirakitala ndi njinga zamoto, uinjiniya wapamadzi ndi ndege, zida zamakina, ndi kupanga zida zankhondo. Ntchito zambiri zimaphatikizapo ma silinda a injini, ma spindle ndi ma transmission bores olondola, mabowo a hydraulic ndi pneumatic cylinder, ma gearbox ndi ma motor housings, ma pump bodies, komanso ma barrel olondola kwambiri osawonongeka monga ma barrel a mfuti. Zinthu zonsezi zimafuna kulondola kwakukulu komanso kulimba kwabwino pamwamba.
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, chitukuko cha miyala yoyeretsera chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri diamondi yopangidwa ndi CBN abrasives kwakweza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito ndi magwiridwe antchito. Deta yamakampani ikuwonetsa kuti njira zopitilira 92% zamakono zoyeretsera tsopano zimadalira miyala ya diamondi kapena CBN yochokera ku miyala yoyeretsera, zomwe zikuwonetsa kusintha koonekeratu kupita ku zipangizo zogwirira ntchito bwino.
Miyala yokwezera kwambiri imapereka zabwino zingapo zofunika, kuphatikizapo nthawi yayitali yogwirira ntchito, kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito, kuchepetsa kukanda pamwamba, kuchepetsa kutentha komwe kumapangidwira, komanso mawonekedwe okhazikika komanso ofanana a pamwamba. Ubwino uwu umawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kwambiri popanga zinthu zapamwamba pomwe kusinthasintha ndi kulondola ndikofunikira kwambiri.
Kupanga miyala yoyeretsera kumasiyananso kutengera njira yoyeretsera. Miyala yonyasa kwambiri monga diamondi ndi CBN nthawi zambiri imapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyeretsera zozizira kapena njira zoyeretsera zozizira. Nthawi zambiri zoyeretsera zozizira zimagwiritsa ntchito zinyalala zachitsulo zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu yamphamvu kuyambira 400 mpaka 500 MPa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhungu ikhale yolimba komanso yolimba. Komano, zoyeretsera zozizira zimagwiritsa ntchito zinyalala za graphite zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu yamphamvu ya pafupifupi 15 mpaka 20 MPa, zomwe zimakhala ndi kutentha kochepa komanso mphamvu yamphamvu yoteteza, ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito nkhungu kumakhala kokwera.
Miyala yachikhalidwe yopangira alumina ndi silicon carbide inali imodzi mwa mitundu yoyambirira yomwe idapangidwa ndipo ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri mpaka pano. Komabe, machitidwe awa ogwirira ntchito limodzi ali ndi zoletsa pankhani yosinthasintha komanso magwiridwe antchito, makamaka pokonza zida zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito makina. Poyerekeza ndi zida zogwirira ntchito kwambiri, kusinthasintha kwawo ndi magwiridwe antchito awo ndizochepa kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito kwapamwamba.
Kusankha miyala yoyeretsera kuyenera kutengera momwe zinthu zilili. Pa mitu yoyeretsera yoyandama, kutalika kwa mwala kuyenera kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito yake ndi yokhazikika komanso yolondola mkati mwa chibowo. Pa mitu yoyeretsera yoyandama pang'ono kapena yolimba, makamaka pakugwiritsa ntchito mabowo afupiafupi, kudzitsogolera sikofunikira kwenikweni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti miyala yayifupi igwiritsidwe ntchito. Pakukonza mabowo osawona, kulondola kwakukulu kobwerezabwereza kumafunika, ndipo chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa kuti tipewe kuwonongeka kwa mbali yomwe ingayambitse kuwonongeka kwa miyala. Pazochitika zotere, kutalika kwa mwala nthawi zambiri kumapangidwa kuti kukhale pafupifupi kanayi kuposa m'lifupi mwake.
Kuwonjezera pa kutalika, chiwerengero ndi m'lifupi mwa miyala yoyeretsera ziyenera kusankhidwa malinga ndi kulimba kwa zida ndi kukhazikika kwa njira. M'malire ovomerezeka a makina, kuwonjezera m'lifupi mwa miyala kungathandize kukonza bwino kudula komanso kusinthasintha kwa pamwamba. Zinthu zina zofunika kusankha ndi monga zipangizo zogwirira ntchito, kukula kwa bore ndi kuya kwake, kutha kwa pamwamba komwe kumafunika, ndi makhalidwe a makina oyeretsera omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Magawo awa pamodzi amatsimikizira magwiridwe antchito onse ndi mphamvu ya njira yoyeretsera.