Posachedwapa, ndinadya chakudya chamadzulo ndi mnzanga wakale wa m'kalasi yemwe amagwira ntchito ku bungwe lofufuza za zipangizo za ndege. Tinakambirana za mapulojekiti awo aposachedwa, ndipo anandiuza mosadziwika kuti, “Kodi mukudziwa zinthu zatsopano zomwe tikuzikonda kwambiri pakali pano? Simungakhulupirire - ndi ufa umenewo womwe umawoneka ngati mchenga wobiriwira.” Ataona nkhope yanga yosokonezeka, anamwetulira nati, “Ufa wochepa wa silicon carbide wobiriwira, kodi mwamvapo za izi? Zinthuzi zitha kuyambitsa kusintha pang'ono m'munda wa ndege.” Kunena zoona, poyamba ndinali ndi kukayikira: kodi zinthu zokwawa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pogaya mawilo ndi kudula ma disc zingagwirizane bwanji ndi makampani apamwamba a ndege? Koma monga momwe adafotokozera, ndinazindikira kuti panali zambiri kuposa momwe ndimaganizira. Lero, tiyeni tikambirane za nkhaniyi.
I. Kudziwa "Nkhani Yodalirika" Iyi
Carbide wobiriwira wa silicon kwenikweni ndi mtundu wa silicon carbide (SiC). Poyerekeza ndi silicon carbide yakuda wamba, ili ndi chiyero chapamwamba komanso zodetsa zochepa, motero imakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira wopepuka. Ponena za chifukwa chake ndi "micro-powder," imatanthauza kukula kwake kochepa kwambiri kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, nthawi zambiri pakati pa ma micrometer ochepa ndi ma micrometer makumi - pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi mpaka theka la kukula kwa tsitsi la munthu. "Musalole kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake pakadali pano mumakampani opanga zinthu zonyansa kukupusitseni," mnzanga wa mkalasi anatero, "kwenikweni ili ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri: kuuma kwambiri, kukana kutentha kwambiri, kukhazikika kwa mankhwala, komanso kuchuluka kochepa kwa kutentha. Makhalidwe amenewa amapangidwira munda wa ndege."
Pambuyo pake, ndinafufuza ndipo ndinapeza kuti izi zinali zoona. Kulimba kwa silicon carbide yobiriwira ndi yachiwiri kwa diamondi ndi cubic boron nitride; mumlengalenga, imatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri kwa pafupifupi 1600°C popanda kusungunuka; ndipo kuchuluka kwake kwa kutentha ndi kotala mpaka gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a zitsulo wamba. Manambalawa angawoneke ngati ouma pang'ono, koma m'munda wa ndege, komwe zofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa zinthu zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, gawo lililonse limatha kubweretsa phindu lalikulu.
II. Kuchepetsa Kulemera: Kufunafuna Kwamuyaya Zombo Zamlengalenga
"Paulendo, kuchepetsa kulemera nthawi zonse ndiye chinsinsi," andegeMainjiniya anandiuza. “Kilogalamu iliyonse yolemera yomwe ingasungidwe ingasunge mafuta ambiri kapena kuwonjezera katundu wolipira.” Zipangizo zachitsulo zachikhalidwe zafika kale pamalire ake pankhani yochepetsa kulemera, kotero chidwi cha aliyense chatembenukira ku zipangizo zadothi. Zopangidwa ndi silicon carbide zobiriwira zolimbikitsidwa ndi ceramic matrix ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zabwino kwambiri. Zipangizozi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa magalamu 3.0-3.2 pa sentimita imodzi, zomwe zimakhala zopepuka kwambiri kuposa chitsulo (magalamu 7.8 pa sentimita imodzi) ndipo zimaperekanso mwayi womveka bwino kuposa titanium alloys (magalamu 4.5 pa sentimita imodzi). Chofunika kwambiri, chimakhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira pochepetsa kulemera.
“Tikufufuza za kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zobiriwira za silicon carbide poika ma casing a injini,” anatero wopanga injini za ndege. “Tikadagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zachikhalidwe, gawoli likanalemera makilogalamu 200, koma ndi zinthu zatsopano zophatikizana, likhoza kuchepetsedwa kufika pa makilogalamu 130. Pa injini yonse, kuchepetsa kwa makilogalamu 70 kumeneku n’kofunika kwambiri.” Chabwinonso, zotsatira zake zochepetsa kulemera zimachepa. Zinthu zopepuka za kapangidwe kake zimalola kuchepetsa kulemera kofanana m’zinthu zothandizira, monga domino effect. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mu chombo chamlengalenga, kuchepetsa kwa makilogalamu 1 mu kulemera kwa kapangidwe kake kumatha kubweretsa kuchepa kwa makilogalamu 5-10 mu kulemera kwa dongosolo.
III. Kukana Kutentha Kwambiri: "Chokhazikika" mu Injini
Kutentha kwa injini za aero kukukwera nthawi zonse; injini zapamwamba za turbofan tsopano zili ndi kutentha kwa turbine inlet kopitilira 1700°C. Pa kutentha kumeneku, ngakhale ma alloy ambiri otentha kwambiri amayamba kulephera. "Zigawo zotentha za injini pakadali pano zikukankhira malire a magwiridwe antchito azinthu," adatero mnzanga wa mkalasi kuchokera ku bungwe lofufuza. "Tikufunika mwachangu zipangizo zomwe zingagwire ntchito mokhazikika ngakhale kutentha kwambiri." Ma silicon carbide obiriwira amatha kugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'derali. Carbide yoyera ya silicon imatha kupirira kutentha kopitilira 2500°C m'malo opanda mpweya, ngakhale mumlengalenga, okosijeni imachepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake mpaka pafupifupi 1600°C. Komabe, izi zikadali 300-400°C kuposa ma alloy ambiri otentha kwambiri.
Chofunika kwambiri, chimasunga mphamvu zambiri kutentha kwambiri. "Zinthu zachitsulo 'zimafewa' kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimasonyeza kugwedezeka kwakukulu," anafotokoza injiniya woyesa zinthu. "Koma zinthu zopangidwa ndi silicon carbide zimatha kusunga mphamvu zoposa 70% ya kutentha kwa chipinda chawo pa 1200°C, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti zinthu zachitsulo zitheke." Pakadali pano, mabungwe ena ofufuza akuyesera kugwiritsa ntchitokabide wobiriwira wa silikonizosakaniza zopangira zinthu zosazungulira monga ma nozzle guide vanes ndi ma combustion chamber liners. Ngati ntchitozi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino, mphamvu ndi magwiridwe antchito a injini zikuyembekezeka kukwera kwambiri. IV. Kusamalira Kutentha: Kupangitsa Kutentha "Kumvera"
Magalimoto amlengalenga amakumana ndi malo otentha kwambiri mumlengalenga: mbali yoyang'ana dzuwa imatha kupitirira 100°C, pomwe mbali yobisika imatha kutsika mpaka -100°C. Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha kumeneku kumabweretsa vuto lalikulu pazida ndi zida. Carbide yobiriwira ya silicon ili ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri—kutentha kwabwino kwambiri. Kutentha kwake ndi kowirikiza ka 1.5-3 kuposa zitsulo wamba komanso kowirikiza ka 10 kuposa zipangizo wamba za ceramic. Izi zikutanthauza kuti imatha kusamutsa kutentha mwachangu kuchokera kumalo otentha kupita kumalo ozizira, kuchepetsa kutentha kwambiri komwe kumachitika m'deralo. "Tikuganiza zogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zobiriwira za silicon carbide m'makina owongolera kutentha a ma satellite," adatero wopanga ndege, "monga chitsanzo, monga chosungira mapaipi otenthetsera kapena ngati zinthu zotenthetsera kutentha, kuti kutentha kwa dongosolo lonselo kukhale kofanana."
Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwake kwa kutentha ndi kochepa kwambiri, pafupifupi 4×10⁻⁶/℃, komwe ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a aluminiyamu. Kukula kwake sikunasinthe kwenikweni ndi kusintha kwa kutentha, khalidwe lomwe ndi lofunika kwambiri m'makina owonera amlengalenga ndi makina a antenna omwe amafunikira kulinganizidwa bwino. "Tangoganizirani," wopangayo anapereka chitsanzo, "antenna yayikulu yomwe ikugwira ntchito mumlengalenga, yokhala ndi kusiyana kwa kutentha kwa madigiri Celsius mazana ambiri pakati pa mbali zoyang'ana dzuwa ndi zofiirira. Ngati zipangizo zachikhalidwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kukula kwa kutentha ndi kupindika kungayambitse kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake, zomwe zimakhudza kulondola kwa malo. Ngati zipangizo zobiriwira za silicon carbide zobiriwira zochepa zigwiritsidwa ntchito, vutoli likhoza kuchepetsedwa kwambiri."
V. Kubisala ndi Chitetezo: Zoposa "Kungokhala Osagonja"
Magalimoto amakono a ndege ali ndi zofunikira zambiri pakugwira ntchito mobisa. Kubisa kwa radar kumachitika makamaka kudzera mu kapangidwe ka mawonekedwe ndi zinthu zonyamula radar, ndipo silicon carbide yobiriwira ilinso ndi mphamvu zowongolera m'derali. "Silicon carbide yoyera ndi semiconductor, ndipo mphamvu zake zamagetsi zimatha kusinthidwa kudzera mu doping," adalengeza katswiri wogwiritsa ntchito zinthu. "Titha kupanga zinthu zophatikizana za silicon carbide zokhala ndi resistivity yapadera kuti zigwire mafunde a radar mkati mwa ma frequency range ena." Ngakhale kuti mbali iyi ikadali mu gawo lofufuza, ma laboratories ena apanga kale zitsanzo za zinthu zophatikizana zochokera ku silicon carbide zomwe zili ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino onyamula radar mu X-band (8-12 GHz).
Ponena za chitetezo cha malo, ubwino wa kuuma kwakabide wobiriwira wa silikoniZikuwonekeranso. Pali ma micrometeoroid ambiri ndi zinyalala zamlengalenga mumlengalenga. Ngakhale kulemera kwa chilichonse ndi kochepa kwambiri, liwiro lawo ndi lalikulu kwambiri (mpaka makilomita makumi pa sekondi imodzi), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri. "Kuyesa kwathu kukuwonetsa kuti zinthu zobiriwira za silicon carbide zimakhala ndi kukana kowirikiza katatu kapena kasanu kukana kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tamphamvu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ma alloy a aluminiyamu okhala ndi makulidwe ofanana," adatero wofufuza za chitetezo chamlengalenga. "Ngati zitagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo oteteza malo amlengalenga kapena ma probe akuya mtsogolo, zitha kukonza kwambiri chitetezo."
Mbiri ya chitukuko cha ndege, mwanjira ina, ndi mbiri ya kupita patsogolo kwa zinthu zakuthupi. Kuyambira pamatabwa ndi nsalu mpaka pa aluminiyamu, kenako mpaka pa titaniyamu ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, luso lililonse la zinthu zatsopano lapangitsa kuti ndege zigwire bwino ntchito. Mwina ufa wobiriwira wa silicon carbide ndi zinthu zake zopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zidzakhala chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakupita patsogolo. Asayansi a zinthu zomwe akufufuza mwakhama m'ma laboratories ndikuyesetsa kuchita bwino m'mafakitale angakhale akusintha tsogolo la thambo mwakachetechete. Ndipo silicon carbide wobiriwira, chinthu ichi chomwe chikuwoneka ngati chachilendo, chingakhale "ufa wamatsenga" m'manja mwawo, kuthandiza anthu kuuluka mmwamba, kutali, komanso motetezeka.