Tsiku lina, ndinali kucheza ndi mnzanga amene amagwira ntchito zamalonda apadziko lonse, ndipo anali ndi nkhawa ndi oda yotumiza kunja ya ufa wa alumina wofiirira: “Kasitomala akupempha grit ya F36 malinga ndi muyezo waku America, koma muyezo wathu wa fakitale umatchula 'ufa wapakati-wabwino.' Kodi awiriwa ndi ofanana? Kodi kusiyana kotani komwe kumavomerezeka?” Funsoli linawonetsa chisokonezo chomwe chimachitika kawirikawiri mumakampani - miyezo yaalumina wofiirira wosakanikirana Ufa wa micro-powder ndi wosiyana kwambiri pakati pa misika ya m'dziko ndi yapadziko lonse. Ndakhala ndikugwira ntchito mumakampani awa kwa zaka zoposa khumi, kuyambira paukadaulo mpaka woyang'anira khalidwe, ndipo ndakhala ndikugwira ntchito ndi zikalata zambiri zokhazikika pafupifupi theka la kutalika kwanga. Lero, tiyeni tikambirane zomwe miyezo iyi ya m'dziko ndi yapadziko lonse ikunena komanso momwe iyenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito.
I. Miyezo Yapakhomo: Kusintha Kuchokera ku "Yokulirapo" Kupita ku "Yoyeretsedwa"
Dongosolo lapakhomo la ufa wa alumina wofiirira wosakanikirana lasintha kwambiri pakapita nthawi. Poyamba, linali "lokulirapo" kwambiri.
1. National Standard GB/T 2478: Chiwerengero Chakale
GB/T 2478-2021 yomwe ilipo pano ya “Ordinary Abrasives – Brown Fused Alumina” imaonedwa kuti ndi muyezo wofunikira kwambiri m'nyumba. Imayang'anira makamaka "chiyambi" cha alumina yofiirira yosakanikirana - kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala ndi mawonekedwe ake. Mwachitsanzo, imafotokoza kuti kuchuluka kwa Al₂O₃ sikuyenera kukhala kochepera 94.5%, Na₂O sikuyenera kukhala kokwera kuposa 0.45%, ndipo pali malire omveka bwino pa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamaginito. Komabe, vuto ndilakuti muyezo uwu ndi wofala kwambiri pankhani ya gawo la "ufa waung'ono". Umagawa kukula kwa tinthu m'magulu anayi akuluakulu: "tirigu wopyapyala," "tirigu wapakati," "tirigu wabwino," ndi "ufa waung'ono," kungotanthauza ufa waung'ono ngati "kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kuposa maukonde 240." Koma pamsika weniweni, F240 (pafupifupi ma microns 62) ndi apamwamba amaonedwa kuti ndi zinthu zowononga, pomwe ufa weniweni wa micro-powder umayambira pa F280 (pafupifupi ma microns 53) kupita pansi, mpaka F1200 (pafupifupi ma microns 12) kapena ngakhale wofewa. Chifukwa chake, anthu amkati mwa makampani nthawi zambiri amamvetsetsa kuti muyezo wadziko lonse umakhazikitsa "zoyambira," ndipo miyezo yowonjezereka imafunika popanga zinthu zokonzedwa bwino.
2. Miyezo ya Makampani: Iliyonse ili ndi njira yakeyake
Popeza muyezo wa dziko lonse sunafotokozedwe mokwanira, mafakitale osiyanasiyana apanga miyezo yawoyawo. Muyezo wa makampani opanga makina (JB/T) umatchula zofunikira zambiri zaufa wa alumina wofiirira wosakanikiranaamagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma abrasives. Mwachitsanzo, mndandanda wa JB/T 7984 umagawa ufa wa micropowder m'magawo opitilira khumi kuyambira F230 mpaka F1200, ndipo mtundu uliwonse umatchula kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Mwachitsanzo, F400 imafuna kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tisapitirire ma micrometer 42.0, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timakhala pakati pa ma micrometer 17.0-25.0, ndipo palinso malire apamwamba a tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Muyezo uwu ndi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakampani opanga ma abrasives.
Muyezo wa mafakitale a zitsulo (YB/T) umayang'ana kwambiri pa ufa wa alumina wofiirira womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zotsutsana ndi zinthu. Siwumayang'ana kwambiri kuchuluka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, koma umagogomezera zizindikiro monga "kuchuluka kwa zinthu" ndi "kutayika kwa kuyaka," zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a zinthu zotsutsana ndi zinthu panthawi yomanga. Opanga zinthu zotsutsana ndi zinthu zotsutsana nthawi zambiri amatsatira muyezo uwu.
Muyezo wa makampani opanga zinthu zomangira (JC/T) uli ndi zofunikira zapadera za ufa wa alumina wofiirira womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu glaze za ceramic. Mwachitsanzo, kuyera ndi kuchuluka kwa zodetsa kumawongoleredwa mosamala kwambiri, chifukwa zodetsa zambiri zimatha kukhudza mtundu wa glaze. "Fakitale yathu imapereka mafakitale atatu nthawi imodzi: zopukutira, zopindika, ndi zoumba," woyang'anira kupanga adadandaula kwa ine, "Tiyenera kukhala ndi zida zoyesera zitatu mu workshop, kutsatira miyezo itatu yosiyana. Ngakhale kuti zonse ndi ufa wa alumina wofiirira, cholinga chake ndi chosiyana kwambiri."
3. Miyezo ya Makampani: "Buku Loyendetsera Ntchito" Lenileni
Chomwe chimayang'anira kupanga nthawi zambiri ndi muyezo wa bizinesi. Miyezo ya dziko ndi mafakitale ndi giredi yopitilira ya 60%, pomwe miyezo ya bizinesi ndi "buku loyendetsera ntchito" kuti ndikwaniritse 90%. Ndinapita kwa wopanga ufa wapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo miyezo yawo ya bizinesi inali yokhwima kwambiri kuposa miyezo ya dziko. Mwachitsanzo, muyezo wa dziko lonse wa ufa wa F800 micropowder umangofuna "chiŵerengero cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala tosachepera 45%," pomwe muyezo wawo wa bizinesi umafuna "osachepera 55%," ndipo kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kuyenera kukhala kolimba kuti zitsimikizire kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono timakhala tofanana. Anawonjezeranso chizindikiro cha "tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala tofanana" chomwe sichili mu muyezo wa dziko, chomwe chimafuna kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono komanso tooneka ngati singano tisapitirire gawo linalake.
II. Miyezo Yachilendo: Malamulo Osiyana a Masewerawa
Mukachita zinthu ndi makasitomala akunja, mupeza kuti "malamulo awo" ndi osiyana kwambiri.
1. Muyezo Wapadziko Lonse wa ISO: Njira Yaikulu Yopezera Mfundo Zofanana Polemekeza Kusiyana
Mndandanda wa ISO 8486 ndi muyezo wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi wa kukula kwa tinthu tomwe timapanga ...Muyezo wa ISO imagogomezera kwambiri pa ziwerengero za "kugawa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono." Sizingoyang'ana tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ...
2. Miyezo ya ku America ANSI/FEPA: Yolondola mpaka kufika pakufunika kwambiri
Miyezo ya ku America, makamaka miyezo ya ANSI B74.12 ndi FEPA, ili ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa ntchito ya ufa waung'ono. Ngati muyezo wa ISO ndi "chimango," muyezo wa ku America ndi "wolunjika mwatsatanetsatane". Potengera "kukula kwa grit P" ya FEPA (yofanana ndi kukula kwa grit F ya ISO) mwachitsanzo, ili ndi zofunikira zenizeni pakugawa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta kukula kwa grit iliyonse, yolondola m'malo angapo a decimal. Mwachitsanzo, pa P240 (pafupifupi ma micrometer 58.5), imafotokoza kuti D3 (pa 3% cumulative distribution) sayenera kupitirira ma micrometer 69.8, D50 (m'mimba mwake wapakati) iyenera kukhala pakati pa ma micrometer 51.7-56.3, ndipo D94 sayenera kupitirira ma micrometer 42.0. Mlingo wolondola uwu umapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwakukulu pakuwongolera njira zopangira.
Chovuta kwambiri n’chakuti muyezo wa ku America uli ndi malire okhwima kwambiri pa “kulekerera tinthu tating’onoting’ono.” Mwachitsanzo, pa ufa waung’ono wokhala ndi kukula kofanana kwa F400, malire apamwamba a tinthu tating’onoting’ono tomwe timaloledwa ndi muyezo wa ku America ndi otsika kwambiri kuposa a muyezo wa ku China. “Makasitomala aku Europe ndi ku America akuda nkhawa kwambiri ndi izi,” anatero woyang’anira malonda akunja. “Akuopa kuti tinthu tating’onoting’ono tidzakanda pamwamba pa chinthu chogwirira ntchito. Pa zinthu zomwe timatumiza ku United States, njira yowunikira iyenera kubwerezedwa kawiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti tinthu tating’onoting’ono tomwe ‘tathawa’ tafufuzidwa.”
3. Miyezo ya ku Ulaya ndi ku Japan: Zofunika Zosiyanasiyana
Kuwonjezera pa kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo ya ISO, opanga ambiri akuluakulu aku Germany alinso ndi awoawomiyezo yamkati(monga zofunikira zochokera ku miyezo ya DIN), zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokhwima kuposa miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi, makamaka pankhani ya kusinthasintha kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi kukhazikika kwa batch. Muyezo waku Japan (JIS R 6001) ndi wosangalatsa kwambiri; umagogomezera kwambiri "ntchito yothandiza." Kupatula zizindikiro zachikhalidwe zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala, umafunikanso "kuyesa mphamvu yopera," pogwiritsa ntchito njira yokhazikika yopera yeniyeni kuti muwone momwe kugaya kumagwirira ntchito komanso momwe ntchito imagwirira ntchito. Izi zikuwonetsa malingaliro a makampani aku Japan "oganizira zotsatira".
Ⅲ. Kuyerekeza Kwachizolowezi: Kusiyana Kofunika Kwambiri
“Chomwe chimandipweteka kwambiri si miyezo yokha,” anavomereza mkulu wa khalidwe, “koma makasitomala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito miyezo yosiyanasiyana poyang'anira. Mwezi watha, pa oda imodzi, kasitomala wakunyumba adayang'ana motsatira muyezo wa dzikolo, ndipo idapambana; kasitomala waku Korea adayang'ana motsatira muyezo wa KS (wofanana ndi JIS), ndipo adapambananso; koma kasitomala waku Germany adayang'ana motsatira muyezo wa FEPA, ndipo zizindikiro ziwiri zinali zofunika kwambiri, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mkangano wautali.”
Ⅳ. "Nzeru Yokhazikika" mu Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mwaluso
Mwachizolowezi, kutsatira mosamalitsa ziganizo zokhazikika nthawi zambiri sikugwira ntchito; mumafunika “nzeru zokhazikika.” Choyamba, muyenera kumvetsetsa “mzimu” wa muyezo. Muyezo uliwonse uli ndi mfundo zake. Mwachitsanzo, n’chifukwa chiyani miyezo ya ku America ndi yokhwima kwambiri pa tinthu tating’onoting’ono? Chifukwa makampani opanga zinthu zolondola ku America ndi otukuka kwambiri, ndipo amaopa kukanda ziwalo zolondola. Podziwa izi, mukudziwa kuti zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa ku United States ziyenera kukhala ndi khama lokwanira poyesa kuyika magiredi.
Kachiwiri, phunzirani "kusintha pakati pa miyezo." Akatswiri odziwa bwino ntchito onse ali ndi "tebulo lowerengera m'maganizo": pafupifupi nambala ya F ikufanana ndi ufa wamkati ndi ufa wosalala, komanso kusiyana pakati pa mndandanda wa American P ndi mndandanda wa ISO F. Ngakhale kuti si wolondola mokwanira, ndi wothandiza kwambiri polankhulana koyamba. "Tsopano tikuphunzitsa dipatimenti yathu yogulitsa, ndipo phunziro loyamba ndi tebulo loyerekeza," adatero woyang'anira maphunziro, "kuti achepetse kutayika kwa maoda chifukwa cha kusamvetsetsana kwa miyezo."
Chofunika kwambiri, khalani ndi "muyezo wanu wofunikira." Kampani yopambana, ikamvetsetsa bwino miyezo ya m'dziko ndi yapadziko lonse, imapanga miyezo yowongolera mkati yomwe ili yapamwamba kuposa zofunikira zonse za makasitomala. "Miyezo yathu yowongolera mkati ndi yokhwima 10-20% kuposa miyezo yokhwima kwambiri ya makasitomala," manejala wamkulu wa fakitale adatero. "Mwanjira imeneyi, mosasamala kanthu za miyezo yomwe makasitomala athu amagwiritsa ntchito, titha kuigwiritsa ntchito mosavuta. Ngakhale kuti imadula pang'ono, imapanga mbiri yabwino, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri pakapita nthawi."